Antialiasinggit status1!

Cargo.lock

@@ -20,24 +20,12 @@ version = "1.1.0"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
 
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.10.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "dcb6dd1c2376d2e096796e234a70e17e94cc2d5d54ff8ce42b28cef1d0d359a4"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "1.3.2"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "bumpalo"
-version = "3.9.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a4a45a46ab1f2412e53d3a0ade76ffad2025804294569aae387231a0cd6e0899"
-
 [[package]]
 name = "bytemuck"
 version = "1.9.1"
@@ -71,51 +59,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "crossbeam-channel"
-version = "0.5.4"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aaa7bd5fb665c6864b5f963dd9097905c54125909c7aa94c9e18507cdbe6c53"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "crossbeam-utils",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6455c0ca19f0d2fbf751b908d5c55c1f5cbc65e03c4225427254b46890bdde1e"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "crossbeam-epoch",
- "crossbeam-utils",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "crossbeam-epoch"
-version = "0.9.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1145cf131a2c6ba0615079ab6a638f7e1973ac9c2634fcbeaaad6114246efe8c"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "cfg-if",
- "crossbeam-utils",
- "lazy_static",
- "memoffset",
- "scopeguard",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "crossbeam-utils"
-version = "0.8.8"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "0bf124c720b7686e3c2663cf54062ab0f68a88af2fb6a030e87e30bf721fcb38"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "lazy_static",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "deflate"
 version = "1.0.0"
@@ -125,65 +68,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "adler32",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "either"
-version = "1.6.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-dependencies = [
- "bit_field",
- "deflate",
- "flume",
- "half",
- "inflate",
- "lebe",
- "smallvec",
- "threadpool",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "crc32fast",
- "libc",
- "miniz_oxide",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "flume"
-version = "0.10.12"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "843c03199d0c0ca54bc1ea90ac0d507274c28abcc4f691ae8b4eaa375087c76a"
-dependencies = [
- "futures-core",
- "futures-sink",
- "nanorand",
- "pin-project",
- "spin",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-
 [[package]]
 name = "getrandom"
 version = "0.2.6"
@@ -191,35 +75,8 @@ source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "9be70c98951c83b8d2f8f60d7065fa6d5146873094452a1008da8c2f1e4205ad"
 dependencies = [
  "cfg-if",
- "js-sys",
  "libc",
  "wasi",
- "wasm-bindgen",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "gif"
-version = "0.11.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c3a7187e78088aead22ceedeee99779455b23fc231fe13ec443f99bb71694e5b"
-dependencies = [
- "color_quant",
- "weezl",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.8.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "eabb4a44450da02c90444cf74558da904edde8fb4e9035a9a6a4e15445af0bd7"
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "62b467343b94ba476dcb2500d242dadbb39557df889310ac77c5d99100aaac33"
-dependencies = [
- "libc",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -231,24 +88,11 @@ dependencies = [
  "bytemuck",
  "byteorder",
  "color_quant",
- "exr",
- "gif",
  "jpeg-decoder",
  "num-iter",
  "num-rational",
  "num-traits",
  "png",
- "scoped_threadpool",
- "tiff",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "inflate"
-version = "0.4.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1cdb29978cc5797bd8dcc8e5bf7de604891df2a8dc576973d71a281e916db2ff"
-dependencies = [
- "adler32",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -256,30 +100,6 @@ name = "jpeg-decoder"
 version = "0.2.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "be7ef4b99870f0c9f2fc2f20dbef72707e2bcca675bb9196734cf433e999b0c5"
-dependencies = [
- "rayon",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "js-sys"
-version = "0.3.57"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "671a26f820db17c2a2750743f1dd03bafd15b98c9f30c7c2628c024c05d73397"
-dependencies = [
- "wasm-bindgen",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "lazy_static"
-version = "1.4.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.5.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7efd1d698db0759e6ef11a7cd44407407399a910c774dd804c64c032da7826ff"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "libc"
@@ -287,34 +107,6 @@ version = "0.2.125"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5916d2ae698f6de9bfb891ad7a8d65c09d232dc58cc4ac433c7da3b2fd84bc2b"
 
-[[package]]
-name = "lock_api"
-version = "0.4.7"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "327fa5b6a6940e4699ec49a9beae1ea4845c6bab9314e4f84ac68742139d8c53"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
- "scopeguard",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "log"
-version = "0.4.17"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "abb12e687cfb44aa40f41fc3978ef76448f9b6038cad6aef4259d3c095a2382e"
-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "memoffset"
-version = "0.6.5"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
-dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
 version = "0.5.1"
@@ -324,15 +116,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "adler",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "nanorand"
-version = "0.7.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "6a51313c5820b0b02bd422f4b44776fbf47961755c74ce64afc73bfad10226c3"
-dependencies = [
- "getrandom",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "num-integer"
 version = "0.1.45"
@@ -374,36 +157,6 @@ dependencies = [
  "autocfg",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "num_cpus"
-version = "1.13.1"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "19e64526ebdee182341572e50e9ad03965aa510cd94427a4549448f285e957a1"
-dependencies = [
- "hermit-abi",
- "libc",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "pin-project"
-version = "1.0.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "58ad3879ad3baf4e44784bc6a718a8698867bb991f8ce24d1bcbe2cfb4c3a75e"
-dependencies = [
- "pin-project-internal",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "pin-project-internal"
-version = "1.0.10"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "744b6f092ba29c3650faf274db506afd39944f48420f6c86b17cfe0ee1cb36bb"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
-]
-
 [[package]]
 name = "png"
 version = "0.17.5"
@@ -417,45 +170,39 @@ dependencies = [
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "proc-macro2"
+name = "ppv-lite86"
-version = "1.0.37"
+version = "0.2.16"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "ec757218438d5fda206afc041538b2f6d889286160d649a86a24d37e1235afd1"
+checksum = "eb9f9e6e233e5c4a35559a617bf40a4ec447db2e84c20b55a6f83167b7e57872"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.8.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "34af8d1a0e25924bc5b7c43c079c942339d8f0a8b57c39049bef581b46327404"
 dependencies = [
- "unicode-xid",
+ "libc",
+ "rand_chacha",
+ "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "quote"
+name = "rand_chacha"
-version = "1.0.18"
+version = "0.3.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "a1feb54ed693b93a84e14094943b84b7c4eae204c512b7ccb95ab0c66d278ad1"
+checksum = "e6c10a63a0fa32252be49d21e7709d4d4baf8d231c2dbce1eaa8141b9b127d88"
 dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
+ "ppv-lite86",
+ "rand_core",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
-name = "rayon"
+name = "rand_core"
-version = "1.5.2"
+version = "0.6.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "fd249e82c21598a9a426a4e00dd7adc1d640b22445ec8545feef801d1a74c221"
+checksum = "d34f1408f55294453790c48b2f1ebbb1c5b4b7563eb1f418bcfcfdbb06ebb4e7"
 dependencies = [
- "autocfg",
+ "getrandom",
- "crossbeam-deque",
- "either",
- "rayon-core",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "rayon-core"
-version = "1.9.2"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9f51245e1e62e1f1629cbfec37b5793bbabcaeb90f30e94d2ba03564687353e4"
-dependencies = [
- "crossbeam-channel",
- "crossbeam-deque",
- "crossbeam-utils",
- "num_cpus",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
@@ -463,134 +210,11 @@ name = "renderer"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "image",
+ "rand",
 ]
 
-[[package]]
-name = "scoped_threadpool"
-version = "0.1.9"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "1d51f5df5af43ab3f1360b429fa5e0152ac5ce8c0bd6485cae490332e96846a8"
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "1.1.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "smallvec"
-version = "1.8.0"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "f2dd574626839106c320a323308629dcb1acfc96e32a8cba364ddc61ac23ee83"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "spin"
-version = "0.9.3"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "c530c2b0d0bf8b69304b39fe2001993e267461948b890cd037d8ad4293fa1a0d"
-dependencies = [
- "lock_api",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "syn"
-version = "1.0.92"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7ff7c592601f11445996a06f8ad0c27f094a58857c2f89e97974ab9235b92c52"
-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "unicode-xid",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d050e60b33d41c19108b32cea32164033a9013fe3b46cbd4457559bfbf77afaa"
-dependencies = [
- "num_cpus",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "7cfada0986f446a770eca461e8c6566cb879682f7d687c8348aa0c857bd52286"
-dependencies = [
- "flate2",
- "jpeg-decoder",
- "weezl",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-
 [[package]]
 name = "wasi"
 version = "0.10.2+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "fd6fbd9a79829dd1ad0cc20627bf1ed606756a7f77edff7b66b7064f9cb327c6"
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.2.80"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-dependencies = [
- "cfg-if",
- "wasm-bindgen-macro",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
-version = "0.2.80"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "53e04185bfa3a779273da532f5025e33398409573f348985af9a1cbf3774d3f4"
-dependencies = [
- "bumpalo",
- "lazy_static",
- "log",
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
- "wasm-bindgen-shared",
-]
-
-[[package]]
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-version = "0.2.80"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-dependencies = [
- "quote",
- "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
-version = "0.2.80"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
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-dependencies = [
- "proc-macro2",
- "quote",
- "syn",
- "wasm-bindgen-backend",
- "wasm-bindgen-shared",
-]
-
-[[package]]
-name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
-version = "0.2.80"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "d554b7f530dee5964d9a9468d95c1f8b8acae4f282807e7d27d4b03099a46744"
-
-[[package]]
-name = "weezl"
-version = "0.1.6"
-source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "9c97e489d8f836838d497091de568cf16b117486d529ec5579233521065bd5e4"

Cargo.toml

@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ edition = "2021"
 # See more keys and their definitions at https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html
 
 [dependencies]
-image = "0.24.2"
+image = { version = "0.24.2", default-features = false, features = ["jpeg", "png", "pnm"] }
+rand = "0.8.5"

src/camera.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+use super::{Point3, Ray, Vec3};
+
+pub struct Camera {
+    origin: Point3,
+    lower_left_corner: Point3,
+    horizontal: Vec3,
+    vertical: Vec3,
+}
+
+impl Camera {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        let aspect_ratio = 16.0 / 9.0;
+        let viewport_height = 2.0;
+        let viewport_width = aspect_ratio * viewport_height;
+        let focal_length = 1.0;
+
+        let origin = Point3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
+        let horizontal = Vec3::new(viewport_width, 0.0, 0.0);
+        let vertical = Vec3::new(0.0, viewport_height, 0.0);
+
+        return Camera {
+            origin,
+            horizontal,
+            vertical,
+            lower_left_corner: origin
+                - horizontal / 2.0
+                - vertical / 2.0
+                - Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, focal_length),
+        };
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_ray(&self, u: f64, v: f64) -> Ray {
+        Ray::new(
+            self.origin,
+            self.lower_left_corner + u * self.horizontal + v * self.vertical - self.origin,
+        )
+    }
+}

src/color.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-use super::{Color, Rgb, RgbImage};
+use super::{utility, Color, Rgb, RgbImage};
 use std::io::Write;
 
 pub fn write_color(out: &mut impl Write, pixel_color: &Color) {
@@ -12,9 +12,23 @@ pub fn write_color(out: &mut impl Write, pixel_color: &Color) {
     .unwrap();
 }
 
-pub fn put_color(img: &mut RgbImage, pixel_color: &Color, x: u32, y: u32) {
+pub fn put_color(img: &mut RgbImage, pixel_color: &Color, x: u32, y: u32, samples_per_pixel: u32) {
-    img.put_pixel(x, y, Rgb(
+    let mut r = pixel_color.x();
-        [(255.999 * pixel_color.x()) as u8,
+    let mut g = pixel_color.y();
-        (255.999 * pixel_color.y()) as u8,
+    let mut b = pixel_color.z();
-        (255.999 * pixel_color.z()) as u8]));
+
+    let scale = 1.0 / samples_per_pixel as f64;
+    r *= scale;
+    g *= scale;
+    b *= scale;
+
+    img.put_pixel(
+        x,
+        y,
+        Rgb([
+            (256.0 * utility::clamp(r, 0.0, 0.999)) as u8,
+            (256.0 * utility::clamp(g, 0.0, 0.999)) as u8,
+            (256.0 * utility::clamp(b, 0.0, 0.999)) as u8,
+        ]),
+    );
 }

src/hittable.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ impl HitRecord {
         if self.front_face {
             self.normal = outward_normal;
         } else {
-            self.normal = (-1.0)*outward_normal;
+            self.normal = (-1.0) * outward_normal;
         }
     }
 
@@ -38,7 +38,12 @@ impl HitRecord {
     }
 
     pub fn empty() -> Self {
-        Self::new(Point3::new(0.0,0.0,0.0), Vec3::new(0.0,0.0,0.0), 0.0, false)
+        Self::new(
+            Point3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0),
+            0.0,
+            false,
+        )
     }
 }
 

src/hittable_list.rs

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
+use super::HitRecord;
 use super::Hittable;
 use super::Ray;
-use super::HitRecord;
 
 pub struct HittableList {
     objects: Vec<Box<dyn Hittable>>,
 }
 
 impl HittableList {
-    pub fn new()-> Self {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
         HittableList {
-            objects: Vec::<Box<dyn Hittable>>::new()
+            objects: Vec::<Box<dyn Hittable>>::new(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ impl HittableList {
     }
 
     pub fn hit(&self, r: &Ray, t_min: f64, t_max: f64, rec: &mut HitRecord) -> bool {
-        
         let mut hit_anything = false;
         let mut closest_so_far = t_max;
 

src/main.rs

@@ -1,34 +1,23 @@
 extern crate image;
 
+mod camera;
 mod color;
 mod hittable;
 mod hittable_list;
 mod ray;
-mod vec3;
 mod utility;
+mod vec3;
+
 use std::env;
-use std::fs::File;
+//use std::fs::File;
-use std::io::BufWriter;
+//use std::io::BufWriter;
-use std::io::Write;
+//use std::io::Write;
-use vec3::{Color, Point3, Vec3};
+use camera::Camera;
-use hittable::{Hittable, Sphere, HitRecord};
+use hittable::{HitRecord, Hittable, Sphere};
 use hittable_list::HittableList;
+use image::{Rgb, RgbImage};
 use ray::Ray;
-use image::{ImageBuffer, Rgb, RgbImage};
+use vec3::{Color, Point3, Vec3};
-
-fn hit_sphere(center: &Point3, radius: f64, r: &Ray) -> f64 {
-    let oc = r.origin() - *center;
-    let a = r.direction().length_squared(); // gleiches Ergebnis wie Skalarprodukt
-    let b = 2.0 * Vec3::dot(oc, r.direction());
-    let c = oc.length_squared() - radius * radius;
-    let discriminant = b * b - 4.0 * a * c;
-
-    if discriminant < 0.0 {
-        return -1.0;
-    } else {
-        return (-b - discriminant.sqrt()) / (2.0 * a);
-    }
-}
 
 fn ray_color(r: &Ray, world: &HittableList) -> Color {
     let mut rec = HitRecord::empty();
@@ -49,22 +38,41 @@ fn main() {
     let aspect_ratio = 16.0 / 9.0;
     let image_width = 1000;
     let image_height = (image_width as f64 / aspect_ratio) as u32;
+    let samples_per_pixel = 50_u32;
 
     // World
     let mut world = HittableList::new();
-    world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(Point3::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0), 0.5)));
+    world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(
-    world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(Point3::new(0.0, -100.5, -1.0), 100.0)));
+        Point3::new(0.0, 0.0, -1.0),
+        0.5,
+    )));
+    world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(
+        Point3::new(0.0, -100.5, -150.0),
+        100.0,
+    )));
+    world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(
+        Point3::new(1.0, 0.0, -1.5),
+        0.3,
+    )));
+    world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(
+        Point3::new(1.0, 1.1, -1.5),
+        0.3,
+    )));
+    world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(
+        Point3::new(-1.0, 1.1, -1.5),
+        0.3,
+    )));
+
+    /*
+    for i in -15..15 {
+        for j in -15..15 {
+            world.add(Box::<Sphere>::new(Sphere::new(Point3::new(j as f64/6.0 as f64, i as f64/6.0 as f64, -1.5), 0.05)));
+        }
+    }
+    */
 
     // Camera
-    let viewport_height = 2.0;
+    let cam = Camera::new();
-    let viewport_width = aspect_ratio * viewport_height;
-    let focal_length = 1.0;
-
-    let origin = Point3::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-    let horizontal = Vec3::new(viewport_width, 0.0, 0.0);
-    let vertical = Vec3::new(0.0, viewport_height, 0.0);
-    let lower_left_corner =
-        origin - horizontal / 2.0 - vertical / 2.0 - Vec3::new(0.0, 0.0, focal_length);
 
     // Render
     let args: Vec<String> = env::args().collect();
@@ -80,17 +88,22 @@ fn main() {
     for j in (0..image_height).rev() {
         eprint!("\rScanlines remaining: {j:5}");
         for i in 0..image_width {
-            let u = i as f64 / (image_width - 1) as f64;
+            let mut pixel_color = Color::new(0.0, 0.0, 0.0);
-            let v = j as f64 / (image_height - 1) as f64;
+            for _ in 0..samples_per_pixel {
-            let r = Ray::new(
+                let u = (i as f64 + utility::random_f64()) / (image_width - 1) as f64;
-                origin,
+                let v = (j as f64 + utility::random_f64()) / (image_height - 1) as f64;
-                lower_left_corner + u * horizontal + v * vertical - origin,
+                let r = cam.get_ray(u, v);
-            );
+                pixel_color += ray_color(&r, &mut world);
-            let pixel_color = ray_color(&r, &mut world);
+            }
 
             //color::write_color(&mut file, &pixel_color);
-            color::put_color(&mut image, &pixel_color, image_width-i-1, image_height-j-1);
+            color::put_color(
-
+                &mut image,
+                &pixel_color,
+                i,
+                image_height - j - 1,
+                samples_per_pixel,
+            );
         }
     }
     image.save(default_file).unwrap();

src/utility.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use rand::Rng;
+
+/// generates random number 0<= x < 1
+pub fn random_f64() -> f64 {
+    rand::thread_rng().gen_range(0.0..1.0)
+}
+
+pub fn random_rng(min: f64, max: f64) -> f64 {
+    min + (max - min) * random_f64()
+}
+
+pub fn clamp(x: f64, min: f64, max: f64) -> f64 {
+    if x < min {
+        return min;
+    }
+    if x > max {
+        return max;
+    }
+    return x;
+}